Wilting of the forage crop decreases the moisture content of the forage and on that way the silage effluent extraction and prevents dry matter loss from the silage. The collection of the silage effluent into closed container prevents nutrient runoff to the surface and ground water and the effluent can be used as fertilizer on the field. Silage stacking should be at least 10 m away from watercourse.
Adjust the composition of livestock diets to reduce the total intake of N and P per unit of production. Recent research has shown that animal feed can be formulated to reduce nitrogen (N) and
phosphorus (P) excretion without reducing animal performance (Utah State University Cooperative Extension, 2010; Shields and Orme-Evans, 2015) . The ideal protein concept is a feeding method in which crude protein levels are reduced and amino acids are supplemented in order to reduce N excretion. For reduction of P excretion, adding phytase to the diet has been shown to increase P availability to hogs and chickens.
Constructed wetlands can help to capture nutrients from agriculture run-off before they enter water bodies. The efficiency of a wetland for nutrient retention (sedimentation, uptake by plants and denitrification) is mainly affected by the nutrient load and the residence time for the water entering the wetland.
The purpose of the VBS (also known as filter strips, buffer strips, and buffer zones buffer zones) is to reduce erosion and nutrient flow into water from erosion- sensitive and slanted or repeatedly under-flooded fields. The buffer zone is at least 15 m wide field area, which restricts to main drain or water and is covered by a perennial vegetation on which fertilizers and plant protection products are not spread.
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