The basics for precision nutrient application is to determine farm’s nutrient balances (at the farm gate, field and stable level). The balances are usually calculated for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The ideal situation is that the value of the field balance is close to zero, which means that the nutrient uptake of plants and the supply by fertilization are in ideal balance.

Optimized crop rotation is an element for efficient nutrient cycles and maintains good soil fertility to ensure high yields. Nitrogen-fixing plants will decrease the need for fertilizers and enhance economic and environmental sustainability of whole farm. Catch crops prevent soil erosion and reduce runoffs and also add organic matter content of soil. Increased biodiversity will give plants a better resistance and reduces demand for pesticides.

Soil quality consists of physical, biological and chemical features. Soil structure, type and texture influence a lot in nutrient circulation, leaching and run-offs from the catchment basin. For example compaction caused by heavy machines and grazing reduce water infiltration capacity, root growth and nutrient uptake by plants and thus cause more surface run-offs into water bodies. In addition, soil degradation leads to inefficient use of fertilizers and causes loss of resources.